Essay (see instruction) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

(see instruction) - Essay Example Therefore, there has been a constant reduction of tourists who opt for regions with low tariffs. Consequently, there is a need to set low tariffs (Hall, Smith, & Marciszewska, 2006). Second, insecurity is a major challenge affecting tourism. Unfortunately, many countries have done less about solving the problem. Consequently, this has led different nations to imposing sanctions as a way of protecting their citizens. Therefore, this has led many tourism countries to face economic losses. As a solution, governments need to invest more on security, and set up policies that would protect tourists (Okoth & Ndaloh, 2010). Third, political instability has continuously been a challenge to the tourism sector. Thus, it has subjected tourists to difficult political situations. For instance, despite claims by government that they support tourism, visa allocation has been limited. These among many others hinder tourism. Therefore, through proper leadership political stability is attainable (Some of the Major Current Issues Confronting Tourism, 2006). Hall, R. D., Smith, K. M., & Marciszewska, B. (2006). The Challenges and Opportunities of EU Enlargement. In R. D. Hall, K. M. Smith, & B. Marciszewska, Tourism in the New Europe (pp. 247-250). New York:

Effect of Middle level managers on Employee Turnover

Effect of Middle level managers on Employee Turnover Abstract Management at any organization can be classified into three levels and they are Top level, middle level and low level management. Each level of management has its roles and responsibilities to be executed for the better functioning of the organization. Middle level mangers play a key role in any organization. They are point of contact for many of the resources across the top level and low level management. There were many cases where high level management contacts the middle level mangers for several operational issues with low level management and even low level management has made the middle level managers as the single point of contact in order to resolve their issues. Usually the job profiles in middle level management differ based on the organization structure and number of employees operating in a particular division. There were many research and theoretical aspects, that has proved middle level management has nothing to do with turnover of an organization. This particular turnover is not and no where related to revenue terms and this entire discussion is based on the turnover of employees and their work done. Here, we can review an article â€Å"Effect of Middle level managers on Employee Turnover† published by Mr. Morgen S. Johansen. In this particular article author mainly concentrates on High level and middle level manager and their impact on the overall employee satisfaction that results in the turnover of the organization. This review is published in â€Å"Department of Political Science, Texas AM University†. The results and their impact are discussed in the public management literature. Introduction Public management is a vast subject and if any one is interested in studying this particular subject, the most important area to be concentrated is the relationship and level of interactions between mangers and workers, and the result of work done which is affected by their levels of interactions.(Frederickson and Smith 2003, p98 ). After much research, the most important aspect came in to light is that, maximum study of public management is concentrated on the relationship between management activities and output of work and has neglected the relationship between management and workers (Meier and OToole 2002, 2001; Goerdel 2006; Brewer and Selden 2000; Walker and Boyne 2006; Moynihan and Pandey 2005; see also Lynn, Heinrich, and Hill 2001; although see Ingraham, Joyce, and Donahue 2003). This particular negligence of management on employees has become the main drawback and is affecting the organization performance a lot. The management should understand this effect of performance on organization turnover and proper steps are required to get rid of these activities. Lack of attention on workers may definitely affect the employee performance. A deep focus on relationship between management and workers is required to understand the few aspects like whether management is effecting the employee performance or employee performance is effecting the management. To concentrate more on this, the basic management activity like Human Resource can be considered, as it is the core functionalitys of any management (Daley 2005). Typical management activities include providing better workplace needs, recruiting right resources, training them to develop their skills and finally motivating and encouraging them in many aspects (Ingraham, Joyce, and Donahue 2003). In simple words Human Capital can be considered as biggest asset of any organization. Short Literature Review As per the previous discussion, Human Resource can be considered as the biggest asset of any organization and maintaining it effectively will always result a positive impact on both employee and organization performance (Ingraham, Joyce, and Donahue 2003;Daley 2005). According to Author, for better understanding of relationship between management and work outcomes, one should concentrate on the missing term i.e. Workers. Thus, in determining how management matters, the question becomes, what effect does management have on workers? In order answer these questions, author mainly concentrated on the effect of management on the turnover of street level. Turnover has a major role in building the organization performance. As per author, turnover is directly related to work satisfaction and this particular work satisfaction from workers side is essential for any organization for its effective operations and performance. Workers may not perform well and in some cases, they may leave the org anization, if the work or job satisfaction is not up to the level. All these factors make turnover as a bad thing for any organization and should be managed properly (Mobley 1982). Consequences and causes of Turnover As per author reviews, high turnover always poses a negative impact on organization performance (Meier and Hicklin 2008; Brill and McCartney 2008). Turnover has much importance, as it could be considered as the main factor that affects the costs in many aspects like lost recruiting, interviewing, training, and socialization investments (Mobley 1982). Apart from all these factors, turnover can also affect the morality of any company (Rainey 2003) and can cause a huge of scope of disturbance is in the smooth flow of the organization like social and communication platforms (Mobley 1982). Economy, inflation and labor force composition can be considered as external cause, that cant be controlled with in management. Several organization factors also effects the turnover and few of them are size of organization and each department, work pressures and salary (Mobley 1982). The compensation workers receive is a strong predictor of turnover (Mobley 1982; Moynihan and Pandey 2008; Selden and M oynihan 2000; Theobald 1990). Workers should be at a satisfaction level of their pay. This particular satisfaction can be measured with respective to their cost of living and the work place conditions. Even the fiscal resources of the organization affect the turnover. The fiscal resources of an organization matter because an organization with more resources is more likely to provide supplies, training, and other resources that better enable workers to do their jobs. Apart from these, there were many individual factors that effect the turnover and one among them is the work satisfaction (Nigro, Nigro, and Kellough 2007 ), for all these managers are responsible for building up the confidence levels and turnover too. Methodologies and drawbacks The basic methodology implemented by author is to study the relationship between management and workers and their total effect on the turnover. He has collected data from many aspects and concluded that middle level management poses a negative impact on the turnover. Turnover and Management Turnover is something that must be managed (Mobley 1982). The impact study of Human resource management can be considered as the best among the methodologies used by author to explain the turnover. HR management is directly related to job satisfaction and it strongly influences the organization performance (Mobley 1982; Riccucci 2005). In simple words, management can impact the job satisfaction, as mangers are the key persons who can make the workers not to dissatisfy (Riccucci 2005). Job satisfaction can be considered as a typical measurement factor, that how an organization body behaves and treats the employees (Mobley 1982; Morrell, Loan-Clarke, and Wilkinson 2001). Hiring the right persons, who can adjust to the organization environment and worker, is the primary task of any manager. Moreover, the support workers have from management (Parker 2002; Moynihan and Pandey 2008) also matters. Apart from HR management, budgeting also effects the job satisfaction of employees (Donahue et al. 2004). As per author methodology, there is a very tight relation between pay of the organization and turnover (Mobley 1982; Moynihan and Pandey 2008; Selden and Moynihan 2000; Theobald 1990). Managers are responsible here because, they were the key persons t decide the word on budgeting and many other aspects like distributing the available budget to several departments, employee salaries and reserves etc (Gulick 1937; Mintzberg 1979; Donahue et al. 2004). Drawbacks and un-answered questions on this methodology Author has given an excellent discussion, on the relationship between mangers and covered all important aspects of management activities. Apart from the positive aspects, there were many aspects author could not cover and few questions that were un-answered, and few of them are discussed below †¢ Author has missed to clearly explain the exact level of management that was affecting the turnover and job satisfaction. He always refers that it the responsibility of management, but no where he mentioned that middle level mangers are responsible and this does not fit as per the article title. †¢ Human resource management is directly focused in this article. Even there were many cases, where HR is not morally responsible for job satisfaction. The best example could be, even there exists a separate policy to motivation and job satisfaction, the attitude of any single employee can effect the entire division. †¢ There were no special case studies included, where the author can support that budgeting can effect the job satisfaction. Even a good budget can meet the requirements of workers. Multi-level management The second methodology considered by author is the important aspect and is Multi-level management. In a multinational organization, there could be always a scope for multi levels of management. At each level there are different managers with their own roles and responsibilities (Riccucci 2005; Lynn, Heinrich, and Hill 2001). Thus, to really determine if management affects workers, we need to look at managers at more than one level and their effect on street level bureaucrats. So, they can directly effect the salaries and the respective job satisfaction with respective to the pay outs. Organization goals are also set by top level management and as per first hypothesis of author â€Å"Hypothesis 1: Upper level managers will have an impact on turnover†. Apart from Upper level manger, middle level mangers are also responsible for many factors that directly affect the turnover. This is because; middle level mangers are the key persons, with whom the low level managers and workers are in contact (Mintzberg 1979; Barnard 1938). As middle level managers are close to workers, all the issues related to worker job satisfaction are directly influenced by middle level managers and thus author concludes his second hypothesis as â€Å"Hypothesis 2: Middle level managers will have an impact on turnover †. Drawbacks and un-answered questions on this methodology Author has justified the classification of levels in management in an organization and their respective impact on the job satisfaction and turnover. Apart from these, there were many points that were missed and few of them are highlighted below: †¢ Author could have classified the roles and responsibilities of different management levels, but failed to explain their respective level of impact on the overall job satisfaction. †¢ There was no percentages sort of things, like what percentage of upper management affects the turnover when compared to middle level management. †¢ Again the focus has been divided among upper and middle level mangers, but there is no special theory that could explain the view of author, that only middle level management has imposed negative effect on turnover. Organization size The third and most important methodology considered by author is the Organization size. Organization size badly affects the turnover of any organization and this is due to the reasons that big organizations are designed in a critical and more complicated manner (Rainey 2003). Considering all these reviews, author concludes that smaller organization pose more negative results on turnover when compared to larger organizations and came up with his third hypothesis on this as â€Å"Hypothesis 3: Management will have an impact on turnover in smaller organizations but not in larger organizations.† But when inner details are considered and also in ideal cases, even there exists many issues that effect the turnover with HR managers and this does not support the third hypothesis and author has came up with his fourth hypothesis as â€Å"Hypothesis 4a: In large organizations, upper level management will have an impact on turnover †. As already discusses by author, upper level ma nagers are always responsible in setting high level standards like budgeting and financial issues. But if a smaller organization is considered, both the upper level and middle level managers are responsible and author came up with newer version of his hypothesis as â€Å"Hypothesis 4b: In small organizations, upper level and middle level management will have an impact on turnover †. Drawbacks and un-answered questions on this methodology In this particular methodology, author has came with good hypothesis on the organization size and its relation with upper and middle level management, apart from these, there are many issues with his and few of them are discusses below †¢ As per author, organization size effects the turnover and here he could not explain the how the organization size is effecting the job satisfaction of employees. †¢ Author has mixed his hypothesis with the previous methodologies and could not justify the hypothesis as it was done in the previous case. †¢ Again upper level and middle level management were brought into picture, but no justification was done how, only middle level managers are responsible for turnover of employees. Review and critics on methodologies followed When the employee turnover does become complicated? Author could not to able to explain the intensity of effect caused by the employee turnover. As per the review of author, he could not explain the range of turnover tolerable in any organization. There were cases, where employee turnover can positively affect the organization performance and author could not cover the positive side of this article. (http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm) How to measure employee turnover? Author is successful in explaining the levels of management and their effect on turnover, but failed to explain the methodologies adopted to measure the employee turnover. The best way to measure this employee turnover is as below (Total number of leavers over period/Average total number employed over period) * 100 (http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm) Author could not justify the reasons for which the employees leaving the organization and special definition is derived for this. How employee turnover does effects the cost to organization? Author could not explain the effects of employee turnover on the cost perspective of any organization. As per this article, middle level mangers are posing negative employee turnover rates, and let us the actual ones as below The following are the cost terms to be measured †¢ recruiting costs †¢ training cost †¢ administrative costs †¢ induction costs If one can observe these cost factors, all these are related to middle level managers and at the same time, cost cutting activities are no where related to middle level management and directly related to upper level of mangers, as they are responsible for budgeting issues. Thus even HR activities and their impact on employee turnover are related to upper level management indirectly and could not justify the authors review discussion. (http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm) Why do people leave organization? Usually employees resign, to the job because of many reasons like getting a good offer and may be due to many personal reasons. All these are missing in authors discussion, where he just concentrated on the management defects. How to retain employees? Author is successful in explaining the bad affects of employee turnover, and failed to give methods to retain the employees. When coming to management side, even they are responsible to retain the employees and this part is completely missed in authors review of the article. (http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm) Lack of any survey reports Author has missed the practical implementation of things. He could have managed to explain the hypothesis derived by him, and failed to submit any practical reports on his discussions. The actual survey reports may not be in synch with authors discussion and few of them can be downloaded from the below referred URL (http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/hrpract/turnover/empturnretent.htm) How to prevent turnover? Author could not explain and suggest any preventive mechanisms for low employee turnover rate and few of them can be found under (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)) Arent Middle level managers employees in an organization? Author has concluded that middle level managers are more responsible for high employee turnover. Here, he has just failed to explain, if the job satisfaction of middle level mangers is low, even there are chances, where they may skip the organization and he could not suggested how upper level managers are responsible in retaining the middle level employees. Conclusion Employee turnover, which is rate of gaining or loosing the employees in an organization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment)) has become major disadvantage for many organizations and there were many factors to cause this. The most important aspects to be considered are the management issues (Riccucci 2005). Different levels of organization have their own impact on employee turnover these days. As per discussion on the review part, it the middle level mangers, who effect the employee turnover of the organization. There were multi-level organization and each of them has their own standards to measure the turnover. Upper level management is responsible for high end activities like budgeting and designing organization size. Middle level management is mainly responsible for typical HR acts like hiring, training and development. The main focus is done middle level managers as per the title of the article, but fewer topics were covered to explain the same, as per author. Proper set of standards while hiring the employees can be the best solution for this situation. The quality in training and motivation to employees can stop them in jumping here and there. Good development opportunities and job satisfaction for employees can make middle level managers more confident in reducing their part in turnover aspects. If author could have covered inner details of management, this article could be the best. Author has given excellent justifications for many aspects like, level of management and organization size and their effect on turnover. All the methodologies covered by him are much qualitative approaches and could have suggested methods for less employee turnover rate. Examples could have helped for better understanding of the article. References Aldrich, Howard and Ellen R. Austere. 1986. â€Å"Even Dwarfs Started Small: Liabilities of Age and Size and Their Strategic Implications.† Research in Organizational Behavior 8: 165-198. Bamboo, Thomas, William R. Clark, and Matt Gilder. 2006. â€Å"Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses.† Political Analysis 14: 63-82. Brewer, Gene A. and Sally Coleman Selden. 2000. â€Å"Why Elephants Gallop: Assessing and Predicting Organizational Performance in Federal Agencies.† Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10(4): 685-711. Brill, Sam and Abby McCartney. 2008. â€Å"Stopping the Revolving Door: Increasing Teacher Retention.† Politics and Policy 36(5): 750-74. Daley, Dennis M. 2006. â€Å"Strategic Human Resources Management.† In Public Personnel Management: Current Concerns, Future Challenges, 4thed. Ed. Norma M. Riccucci. New York: Pearson Education. Donahue, Amy K., Willow S. Jacobson, Mark D. Robbins, Ellen V. Rubin, and Sally C. Selden. 2004. â€Å"Management and Performance Outcomes in State Government. † In The Art of Governance, Patricia W. Ingraham and Laurence E. Lynn, Eds. Georgetown University Press. Ehrenberg, Ronald G., Richard P. Chaykowski, and Randy A. Ehrenberg. 1988. â€Å"Determinants of the Compensation and Mobility of School Superintendents.† Industrial and Labor Relations Review 41: 386-401. Frederickson, H. George and Kevin B. Smith. 2003. The Public Administration Theory Primer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Goerdel, Holly. 2006. â€Å"Taking Initiative: Proactive Management and Organizational Performance in Networked Environments.† Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16(3): 351-67. Hayes, William. 2004. So You Want to be a Principal? Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. Ingraham, Patricia W., Philip G. Joyce, and Amy Kneedler Donahue. 2003. Government Performance: Why Management Matters. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Jencks, Christopher and Meredith Phillips. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Johansen, Morgen S. 2008. â€Å"Measuring Middle Manager Quality and Its Effect on Organizational Performance.† Paper presented at the Third Conference on Empirical Studies of Organizations and Public Management, College Station, TX, May 2-3. Meier, Kenneth J. and Alisa Hicklin. â€Å"Employee Turnover and Organizational Performance: Testing a Hypothesis from Classical Public Administration.† Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(4): 573-90. Meier, Kenneth J. and Laurence OToole, Jr. 2002. â€Å"Public Management and Organizational Performance: The Effect of Managerial Quality.† Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21(4): 629-43. - 2001. â€Å"Managerial Strategies and Behavior in Networks: A Model with Evidence from U.S. Public Education.† Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11(3): 271-93. Mobley, William H. 1982. Employee Turnover: Causes, Consequences, and Control. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Moynihan, Donald P. and Sanjay K. Pandey. 2008. â€Å"The Ties that Bind: Social Networks, Person-Organization Value Fit, and Turnover Intention.† Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(2): 205-228. Nigro, Lloyd, Felix Nigro, and J. Edward Kellough. 2007. The New Public Personnel Administration. 6thed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadwsorth. Parker, Victoria A. 2002. â€Å"Connecting Relational Work and Workgroup Context in Caregiving Organizations.† Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 38: 276-97. Rainey, Hal G. 2003. Understanding and Managing Public Organizations. 3rded. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Riccucci, Norma. 2005. How Management Matters: Street Level Bureaucrats and Welfare Reform. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Selden, Sally C. and Donald P. Moynihan. 2000. â€Å"A Model of Voluntary Turnover in State Government.† Review of Public Personnel Administration 20(2): 63-74. Theobald, Neil D. 1990. â€Å"An Examination of the Influence of Personal, Professional, and School District Characteristics on Public School Teacher Retention.† Economics of Education Review 9(3): 241-50.

Rational Choice versus Cognitive Dissonance Essay -- Terrorism, Suici

Rational Choice versus Cognitive Dissonance Introduction Rational choice theory can sufficiently explain terrorism, suicide bombing, and genocide by simply arguing that each act is the result of an individual making a choice to commit said acts simply because the benefits outweigh the costs. Rational choice theory, however, has a harder time explaining altruism without altering the definition of altruism itself. Cognitive dissonance can also explain terrorism, suicide bombing and genocide because it argues that an individual can reduce dissonance created by these acts in a variety of ways I will discuss later. Cognitive dissonance though, like rational choice, cannot effectively explain altruism. I will argue that cognitive dissonance is the stronger theory in explaining the terrorism, suicide bombings and genocide. Theory Review Rational choice theory is the argues that patterns of behavior in societies are caused by the choices made by individuals as they try and maximize their benefits, while at the same time, minimize their costs. Rational choice theory contends that people make rational choices based on their goals which in turn controls behavior. The theory assumes that individuals are motivated purely by self-interest and the desire to maximize their interests. A key in rational choice decision-making is that individuals have perfect information before making a decision. Cognitive dissonance, originally coined by Leon Festinger, refers to the anxiety that arises when a person holds opposing ideas at the same time. The theory maintains that people are motivated to reduce dissonance and do so by either changing their attitudes, actions and beliefs or by justifying, denying and blaming. Review of Ev... ...nfortunately, I can find no evidence that the theory of cognitive dissonance can explain altruism. In fact, I cannot find any evidence at all that any theory can explain altruism accurately. In my research I did not come across any psychological theories that explain altruism. The closest explanation I can find had to do biology and evolution -- an area that does not have a place within this paper. In conclusion, after careful examination of both rational choice theory and cognitive dissonance I find that cognitive dissonance appears to be more sound in its explanation of an individual’s participation in genocide, terrorism, and suicide bombings. Cognitive dissonance focuses primarily at the individual level for explaining why individuals participate in said act whereas rational choice theory often had to resort to examining actions at an organizational level.

Grade graduation speech

You know, I never expected to be standing up here but here I m, giving this speech and probably doing a terrible Job at It because If you couldn't tell, I'm pretty nervous. But thanks to NAMES, It pushed me out of my comfort zone and onto this stage In front of all you wonderful people. Succeeding from middle school Is no easy task, looking back It surprises me that I even made It this far. A famous author, Theodore Roosevelt, once said, â€Å"A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but If he has a collage education he may steal the whole rally road. Even though we have a while to get a collage education, we've made It here, to the end of 8th grade. Just like a rail road the train has to be set on a good track, just like our education. So far for this 8th grade class, our tracks have been fantastic ever since we first started our journey. Our first stop was 6th grade. New building, new people, and it were a whole new environment. New fears emerged and I reme mber feeling like a fish out of the sea.The year went by and our next stop was 7th grade, which the teachers have been preparing us for. We came back much more confident than the year before. We looked down at the 6th graders and asked ourselves, â€Å"Were we that short just last year? And by the end of 7th grade, we were on our way to 8th grade. The year started off at a sprint and it seems to have left many of us still trying to catch our breath but 8th grade is also the year we start becoming independent and learn to let go of our guardian's hands.From the moment we stepped foot into this building till the moment we walk out, this Journey has definitely been an unforgettable one for all of us. On this Journey, we have laughed, we have cried, we have argued, we have learned, and we are about to enter into another mile of our journey in a new place. Some of us will go one way, and others another, but at the ND of the Journey we will always have the memories of here, of this schoo l, the memories of our NAMES pride and traditions.As we say goodbye on the last day we sit together as NAMES students, we reflect on what has happened the past 3 years, but also look forward to yet another Journey coming up, high school. 8th grade graduation speech By Maintain-Tastes have been able to accomplish this much without their help. So today, in honor of all am, giving this speech and probably doing a terrible Job at it because if you couldn't tell, I'm pretty nervous. But thanks to NAMES, it pushed me out of my comfort zone and onto this stage in front of all you wonderful people.Succeeding from middle school is no easy task, looking back it surprises me that I even made it this far. A famous steal from a freight car; but if he has a collage education he may steal the whole rail road. † Even though we have a while to get a collage education, we've made it here, to the end of 8th grade. Just like a rail road the train has to be set on a good track, Just since we first started our Journey. Our first stop was 6th grade. New building, new we that short Just last year? † And by the end of 7th grade, we were on our way to 8th

Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence

‘This free-spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this place’. What characteristics did Molly display which enabled the sisters to escape and return to their families? Not only is this book about how three little aboriginal girls travelled across half of Australia but is also teaches us how the aboriginals were treated. Throughout Doris Pilkington’s and Nugi Garimara’s novel, the protagonist Molly, has a set of characteristics that help her and her two cousins escape from the re-education camp for half-casts, she is strong mentally when she was bullied, she is knowledgeable because she was able to cross half of Australia with no map or compass, and she is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land. When Molly was only about four years, she was constantly bullied because she was a half-cast, but besides these constant insults, she was strong and kept positive. Because she was neither a Mardu nor wudgebulla and was regarded as a mongrel dog and wasn’t liked by the aboriginal children so she threw â€Å"handfuls of sand or stones and threw them at her tormentors, and sometimes she chased them with a stick. † But as she got older she â€Å"became used to the insults, and although they still hurt, she didn’t show it. † This shows Molly’s mental strength against her bullies and tried to stay positive even though she â€Å"Wished that she didn’t have light skin so that she didn’t have to play by herself. She is also mentally strong because for three young girls to travel from Perth to Jigalong, she needs to be in the right mindset and be positive because she was determined to get back because she needed to see her family. Not many people could and would be able to do this but these girls especially Molly were brave and persistent and kept their head up. So it can be said that Molly is mentally st rong because she is able to beat her bullies and go back home to Jigalong. When Molly and her two cousins escape the camp, she is faced with an enormous walk without a compass or map, but Molly has grown up in this land and knows what to do and where to go. She â€Å"had no fear because the wilderness was her kin. † This means that the wilderness is her family which â€Å"always provided shelter, food and sustenance. † She also memorised which was they travelled so she knew to head north and to follow the rabbit-proof fence. With her developed bushcraft skills and survival techniques she was able to lead her two cousins through traitorous terrain and back home and also lead the tracker and constable Rigs to the wrong places. Therefore it can be said that throughout the novel, Molly uses her knowledge of the land to get back home safely with her cousins and remove their tracks. Throughout the novel, we see that Molly is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land. We see this when Molly and Gracie were walking through the country when they were almost home and they are pointing out special places to each other, for Molly it was a â€Å"Quick trip down memory’s landscape† which â€Å"A feeling of nostalgia brought tears to her eyes. † This shows how much she missed and appreciates the land she grew up in and shows us how loyal she is to it. It means so much to her and like in the movie ‘Kanyini’ without it she is nothing. So it can be said that Molly is loyal and emotionally attached to her land especially when it gets taken away from her. Throughout the novel written by Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara, Molly has a set of traits which help her and her cousins escape the re-education camp, travel a substantial distance and get back to Jigalong safely. It was her inner strength, her knowledge of her land and her emotional attachment to her land. We can also learn from this book that someone cannot take from others even if they think it is the right decision. Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara tell us just one of many stories that has happened to many of the stolen generation and it makes us think about it.

International Peacekeeping essays

International Peacekeeping essays Peacekeeping is more than you really think. When you think of peacekeeping, you think of everyone getting along, with no problems. It is more than that, much more. People die to keep the peace. People spend their lives trying to keep the peace. This entire country tries to keep the peace, but yet it is still not all there, and there is nothing we can do except to continue what we have done in the past. The United States is the most powerful country in the world, and we basically decide what goes on in it. With this kind of power, the U.S. can do whatever they need to do to keep the peace and this is what they do, and there is no other country in the world that can interfere with it, or we will crush them. I chose to write this research paper on the most intricate peacekeeping mission that I could find, and where the U.S. military does what I believe they should do. These missions, which began in April 1991, play a very important role in the Middle Eastern and American relations in these countries. The mission is rightfully titled UNIKOM, or United Nations Iraq Kuwait Observation Mission. UNIKOM was established by Security Council resolution 689 and forced the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from the territory of Kuwait. (UNIKOM) At the time, Iraq had invaded Kuwait, and was trying to completely take over the territory, but the U.S, allies to Kuwait, decided to interfere, hoping that this would stop the small war and bring peace to the Middle East. (Encarta) The main reason that this debate has arisen is because Iraq and the Iraqi people are ruled by a brutal dictator that does not show compassion for the people, and that the people of Iraq have not had enough good scene to overthrow him, allowing him to continue his path of terror. When he decided to invade Kuwait his people obeyed. The various groups in the remnants of Yugoslavia did not spend the last decade killing each other with such enthusiasm because they...

Marketing Concepts Essays

Marketing Concepts Essays Marketing Concepts Essay Marketing Concepts Essay 1- Consumer Behaviour. One of the most challenging concept in marketing deals with understanding why consumers behave in a certain way or do what they do (or don’t do). Two major psychological concepts are often used to explain and understand the consumer’s behaviour. The first is the so called in psychology the cognitive psychology in which the focus of the study is the mental behaviour i. e. the internal influence such as perception, memory, attention, attitude, beliefs, values, personality and buying motives. The second psychological concept is the social psychology in which the phenomenon of consumer behaviour is completely influenced by the external forces, i. e. social and referenced groups. There is no doubt that the consumer behaviour is extremely complex due to the nature of human beings differences in all the levels. Nevertheless, a common definition of consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes of the buying units and the exchange processes involved in acquiring, consuming, and disposing of goods, services, experiences, and ideas. But such knowledge is critical for marketers since having a strong understanding of buyer behaviour will help shed light on what is important to the customer and also suggest the important influences on customer decision-making. Using this information, marketers can create marketing programs that they believe will be of interest to customers. 2- Consumer Decision making Consumer decision making is explained and viewed as a complex process that is conducted in steps in which consumers identify their needs, collect information, evaluate alternatives, and make the purchase decision. Some refer this process as problem solving phenomena. These actions are determined by psychological and economical factors, and are influenced by environmental factors such as cultural, group, and social values. Consumer’s decision making differ in many ways, just as problem solving to certain issues is done; the same is in the case of consumer buying decision. For example some buying results from the consumer’s need for fun, to create fantasies, obtain emotions, and feelings. Some others are because of strong environmental forces that propel consumers to make purchases without necessarily first developing strong feelings or beliefs about the product. Some buying is done on the basis of innovation, some on the basis of the so called impulse purchase, some of the basis of discount purchase or sale purchase. As you can see there is huge variety of examples that reflect buyer’s decision other than necessity. Thus, mmarketers have successfully influenced the consumer’s decision making by understating the consumer behaviour and adapting and improving their marketing strategies and hence creating attractive messages through smart and effective advertising propagandas that effectively reached the consumers. -What influences purchases There are many factors that can affect this process as a person works through the purchase decision. The number of potential influences on consumer behaviour is limitless. However, marketers are well served to understand the Key influences. By doing so they may be in a position to tailor their marketing efforts to take advantage of these influences in a way that will satisfy the consumer and th e marketer (this is a key part of the definition of marketing). There are three main factors that influence purchasing: Internal, External and Marketing. The internal factors consist of attitude, life-style, knowledge, personality, role, involvement and perception. The external factors consist of culture, groups, and situations. The Marketing factors embrace the following: product, price, promotions, distribution and service. For the most part the influences are not mutually exclusive. Instead, they are all interconnected and work together to form who we are and how we behave and what influence our purchases.

A List of Radioactive Elements

A List of Radioactive Elements This is a list or table of elements that are radioactive. Keep in mind, all elements can have radioactive isotopes. If enough neutrons are added to an atom, it becomes unstable and decays. A good example of this is tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen naturally present at extremely low levels. This table contains the elements that have no stable isotopes. Each element is followed by the most stable known isotope and its half-life. Note increasing atomic number doesnt necessarily make an atom more unstable. Scientists predict there may be islands of stability in the periodic table, where superheavy transuranium elements may be more stable (although still radioactive) than some lighter elements.This list is sorted by increasing atomic number. Radioactive Elements Element Most Stable Isotope Half-lifeof Most Stable Istope Technetium Tc-91 4.21 x 106 years Promethium Pm-145 17.4 years Polonium Po-209 102 years Astatine At-210 8.1 hours Radon Rn-222 3.82 days Francium Fr-223 22 minutes Radium Ra-226 1600 years Actinium Ac-227 21.77 years Thorium Th-229 7.54 x 104 years Protactinium Pa-231 3.28 x 104 years Uranium U-236 2.34 x 107 years Neptunium Np-237 2.14 x 106 years Plutonium Pu-244 8.00 x 107 years Americium Am-243 7370 years Curium Cm-247 1.56 x 107 years Berkelium Bk-247 1380 years Californium Cf-251 898 years Einsteinium Es-252 471.7 days Fermium Fm-257 100.5 days Mendelevium Md-258 51.5 days Nobelium No-259 58 minutes Lawrencium Lr-262 4 hours Rutherfordium Rf-265 13 hours Dubnium Db-268 32 hours Seaborgium Sg-271 2.4 minutes Bohrium Bh-267 17 seconds Hassium Hs-269 9.7 seconds Meitnerium Mt-276 0.72 seconds Darmstadtium Ds-281 11.1 seconds Roentgenium Rg-281 26 seconds Copernicium Cn-285 29 seconds Nihonium Nh-284 0.48 seconds Flerovium Fl-289 2.65 seconds Moscovium Mc-289 87 milliseconds Livermorium Lv-293 61 milliseconds Tennessine Unknown Oganesson Og-294 1.8 milliseconds Where Do Radionuclides Come From? Radioactive elements form naturally, as a result of nuclear fission, and via intentional synthesis in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. Natural Natural radioisotopes may remain from nucleosynthesis in stars and supernova explosions. Typically these primordial radioisotopes have half-lives so long they are stable for all practical purposes, but when they decay they form what are called secondary radionuclides. For example, primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235 can decay to form secondary radionuclides of radium and polonium. Carbon-14 is an example of a cosmogenic isotope. This radioactive element is continually formed in the atmosphere due to cosmic radiation. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission from nuclear power plants and thermonuclear weapons produces radioactive isotopes called fission products. In addition, irradiation of surrounding structures and the nuclear fuel produces isotopes called activation products. A wide range of radioactive elements may result, which is part of why nuclear fallout and nuclear waste are so difficult to deal with. Synthetic The latest element on the periodic table have not been found in nature. These radioactive elements are produced in nuclear reactors and accelerators. There are different strategies used to form new elements. Sometimes elements are placed within a nuclear reactor, where the neutrons from the reaction react with the specimen to form desired products. Iridium-192 is an example of a radioisotope prepared in this manner. In other cases, particle accelerators bombard a target with energetic particles. An example of a radionuclide produced in an accelerator is fluorine-18. Sometimes a specific isotope is prepared in order to gather its decay product. For example, molybdenum-99 is used to produce technetium-99m. Commercially Available Radionuclides Sometimes the longest-lived half-life of a radionuclide is not the most useful or affordable. Certain common isotopes are available even to the general public in small quantities in most countries. Others on this list are available by regulation to professionals in industry, medicine, and science: Gamma Emitters Barium-133Cadmium-109Cobalt-57Cobalt-60Europium-152Manganese-54Sodium-22Zinc-65Technetium-99m Beta Emitters Strontium-90Thallium-204Carbon-14Tritium Alpha Emitters Polonium-210Uranium-238 Multiple Radiation Emitters Cesium-137Americium-241 Effects of Radionuclides on Organisms Radioactivity exists in nature, but radionuclides can cause radioactive contamination and radiation poisonin if find their way into the environment or an organism is over-exposed. The type of potential damage depends on the type and energy of the emitted radiation. Typically, radiation exposure causes burns and cell damage. Radiation can cause cancer, but it might not appear for many years following exposure. Sources International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (2010).Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). Radionuclides, 1. Introduction. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2 ISBN 978-3527306732.Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. ISBN 978-3527406111.Petrucci, R.H.; Harwood, W.S.; Herring, F.G. (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p.1025–26.

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT - Essay Example Over time the classical economic theory based business social responsibility evolved to see business social responsibility as more than just profit. Businesses worldwide have become more socially responsible, but they still are pursuing economic interests. Economic interests will always remain the number one priority for businesses all over the world. "Any mechanism for enforcing or urging social responsibility upon firms must of course reckon with a profit motive..." (Arrow, 2001: 304) Not all the businesses have socially responsible outlook. Some business owners still regard socially responsible business practices as a waste of money, the cost outweighing any benefits. The majority of business owners, however, regard the cost of socially responsible actions as necessary expense. They make such a commitment an essential part of their business operation. They take a great deal of pride in the reputation their business has established and wish to protect its good name. These businesses want to be seen as responsible corporate citizens, conscious of the high standards expected of them by their customers and society at large. The business world of today is much more complex compared to that of 60 years age, requiring a higher degree of corporate social responsibil... Corporate Social responsibility's (CSR's) time has come, and it is not just a management fad. The key benefits of CSR for companies are in employee retention and helping organizations through dialogue and engagement with their key stakeholders. This enables companies to win better alignment with their markets and customers in the long run, and help stem the growing tide of confrontation. Strategic Ethics And Social Responsibility Strategic ethics and social responsibility are two of the most important, yet perhaps most misunderstood concerns in the world of business today. By their very nature, these fields are controversial, and there is no universally accepted approach for solving their questions. On the other hand, government is encouraging organizational accountability for ethical conduct, and organisations are being asked to prevent and control misconduct by implementing ethics programs. By defining strategic ethics, we can link and compare it with the concept of social responsibility. In this way, we can examine applications in the business context, thus drawing conclusions about their roles in strategy. (Ferrell, 2000, 119-23) With the competing demands from different stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is becoming more important in an organisation. Corporate enterprises are starting to recognize that they have a wider responsibility to the communities within which they operate. Research has shown that by implementing social responsibilities, a win-win situation can be achieved between the company and its stakeholders. Social responsibility is the obligation a business assumes toward society. Jennings (2003:6)

Company Background Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Background - Case Study Example ar 2002, the company experienced a breakthrough when it handled about 1.1 trillion Yuan, which is about $170 billion in sales (Du, Jian, et al, 2034). The majorly operates in the people’s republic of China. During its initial public offering (IPO), the company was valued at US$231 billion. After Hong Kong regulators deal with Alibaba could not be reached, the company sought an initial public offering in the US. Planning of the IPO was done for over twelve months before September 2014. The initial IPO pricing raised about US$21. 8 billion, which later added to about 25 USD. Since china forbids foreign ownerships, people were not able to purchase actual shares in the groups, but those of the Caymans island shell corporation. Alibaba has various companies and affiliate entities responsible for its exponential growth. To begin with, is Alibaba.com; is the mother company of Alibaba and forms the largest business to business online trading in the world of small-scale business. The Alibaba.com has three main services that include the English portal of the company that takes care of sales between exporters and importers from about 240 regions and countries in the world. Besides, the company has a chines portal 1688.com that was created specifically for the local business-to-business sales in China. Furthermore, the company Alibaba.com provides its users with a transaction base retail site called AlieExpress to allow people buy goods in small scale using the wholesale prices. In the Hong Kong stock exchange, the Alibaba.com went public in 2007 only to be delisted five years later. A year after in 2013, the aliaba.com sets up ad launched a direct channel that is in charge of over $30 million worth of transactio ns daily (Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Julie, 23). Taobao provides the largest consumer-to-consumer online shopping platform in China. It was created in the year 2003 providing numerous retail products. Taobao market place was the second most visited site by the end

Photo51 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Photo51 - Essay Example The Watson and Click models showed the backbone of a molecule to be located at the center and the bases diffusing outward. Watson and Crick recognized that if the bases were organized to point inward, then the DNA width can move toward 2.0-nm like illustrated in Photo51 (Fitzgerald-Hayes & Reichsman 22). Rosalind Franklin discovered a specific well-determined X-ray diffraction pattern of a DNA fiber in Photo51. The DNA fiber was utilized to explain the 3.4á ¾ ¹ distance between the 34á ¾ ¹ periodicity of the helix and base pairs. In addition, the photo51 revealed the actual dimensions of DNA diameter and molecule (Anholt & Mackay 51). The photograph assisted Watson and Crick to conclude that the DNA molecules constitutes of two strands. The two strands are double helix that runs in opposite directions. The information was employed to construct a three-dimensional structure of DNA that demonstrated to be accurate (Anholt & Mackay 51). In conclusion, the Photo51 opened a new window in scientific history by discovering the formation of DNA. The dimensions revealed in the photograph assisted in the accurate development of a DNA structure. The information disclosed the composition of the genetic

Environmental Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Archaeology - Essay Example Most studies, since the ancient times, have indicated that increased human activities on the environment have led to environmental degradation and transformation. However, this paper presents environmental, archeological view that lack of human activities on the environment leads to land degradation and transformation. Since the ancient periods, it is highly believed that increased human activities on the environment have caused environmental transformation and degradation. Almost all human activities have either positive or negative effect on the environment. For example, all types of pollutions are because of human activity. The pronounced sources of pollution are water pollution, air pollution, and farming (Chambers, 2004). Farming is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and pollution. This is because most farmers are determined to practice only one form of animal husbandry, and produce a single crop. This is believed to fuel the loss of biodiversity since natural f orests are cleared to create space for these human activities. Clearing of land exposes the soil surface to rainfall and surface run-offs, which causes soil erosion (Chambers, 2004). In addition, cleared forests reduce the amount of natural habitat available for wildlife. Unlike the traditional assumptions that increased human activity leads to environmental degradation and transformation, â€Å"culture-centric† perspective on the environmental archeology argues that lack of human activities leads to environmental degradation and transformation (Chris, 2003). Deforestation caused through human activities, such as logging and burning, is at times beneficial to both plants and animals. Animals, plants, and trees naturally recover from burnt forests if the space is not occupied by human settlements. Birds such as woodpeckers survive well in freshly burned areas more than thickets where they feed on insects that occupy the burned area (Hall & Harry, 2006). In addition, seed dispe rsion is enhanced through human activities such as the search for food. Trees like lodgepole produce serrotonous cones. These cones are fused shut, and they only burst when burnt. Wildfires set by human burn these cones, thereby spreading their seeds into burnt areas with little competition (Hall & Harry, 2006). After 20 years of growth, the burned area soon becomes fully occupied by medium-height lodgepole pines. An example of such area is Yellowstone National Park (Chambers, 2004). This, therefore, indicates human activities such as deforestation can enhance dispersion of seeds from one area to another, thus the spread of plant and tree species. Human’s ability to confine wild animals into specific areas has also created order in the environment. Wild animals are an integral part of the natural environment, and their existence creates a balance in the ecosystem. However, due to dynamic environmental degradations and transformations, human realized the need to conserve the w ild animals in parks and zoos to protect them from drought and poaching among other factors (Rashid et al, 2005). Through conservation, animals are protected from the loss of habitat, climatic changes, hunting, natural calamities, pollution, over-exploitation, pesticides, and toxic chemicals (Rashid et al, 2005). This has ensured successful utilization of available natural resources by regulating the rate of competition among the animals, and protecting them from external threats (Rashid et al, 2

Globization international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globization international business - Essay Example In the end of 90s globalization in Argentina was considered to be a successful tendency. There was an essential growth of GDP in the country (8.1 percent in 1997). Three years of a deep recession followed this complicated period. Governmental policy of Argentina is rather vague and it is hard to entrust money of Argentina citizens to the national banks because of bank deposit freezes, â€Å"public social protests and the resignations of the finance minister and the president† (Measuring Globalization, 2003).  Therefore, it is relevant to consider the way Argentina managed to cope with the challenges connected with the process of globalization. On the example of the country’s management to deal with internal affairs and foreign policy development, the basic issues of globalization processes in Argentina are discussed further on. Different aspects of Argentina’s globalization Moreover, there is a gradual conflict in Argentina’s policy, because during the p eriod of financial crisis, weak currency has been an intimidating factor for the nation. On the international arena Argentina should have been positioned as the country experiencing a rapid economic recovery. Still, financial crisis caused a negative impact on the country’s economy. ... the internal affairs of the country and thus on the international level there are a lot of challenges caused by the inconsistent national and foreign policies of the country (Measuring Globalization, 2003). Moreover, it is relevant to consider foreign policy of Argentina from hyperglobalist and skeptic perspectives. The hyperglobalization paradigm is relevant to the foreign policy of Argentina, because in accordance with this policy the globalization makes a country almost powerless. With respect to Mishkin (2007) all states are influenced by globalization and the majority of them perform â€Å"a courtesan role† in serving the main interests of the global political economy of other state actors on the international arena. Therefore, hyperglobalist views of globalization processes in Argentina are the most relevant in terms of this country. Thus, for example, many Argentines claim that their own government is the one to blame for mishaps in the process of financial crisis in th e country. Citizens claim that â€Å"imprudent fiscal and macroeconomic policies and persistent corruption during Carlos Menem's second mandate were at the core of Argentina's recession† (Miskin, 2007).   Moreover, gaps in neo-liberal policies implementation have also influenced on political inconsistencies of Argentine. Moreover, IMF was criticized for inconsistencies in the process of neo-liberal policies implementation. Hostile moods of citizens in Argentina are directed on their negative attitude expressed in relation to IMF and the World Bank, naming them â€Å"the pro-globalization camp† and it is evident that Argentines are dissatisfied with the processes of globalization (Guille, 2001). Unfortunately, economy of Argentina is described in terms of Outliers. The Administration of the President

The various potential opportunities for investment in the Essay

The various potential opportunities for investment in the international marketplace - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is foreign investment as summation of the equity capital which is measured in balance of payments. It may be long-term as well as short-term capital. It also refers to the inflows to acquire management power. Foreign investment is a measure of ownership of different assets such as buildings, factories and mines among others. Apart from these, economic globalization can be said to occur with the increase of foreign investment. Mainly, there are two types of foreign investment i.e. inward foreign investment and outward foreign investment. Foreign investment creates confidence among the investors into markets even in difficult situations and times. Foreign investment aims at developing attention by a resident entity of an economy (known as ‘direct investor’) in a unit resident of the other economy. The association in between the direct investor and the direct investment should last for a longer phase of time. Direct investment includes the initial transaction and the capital transaction and builds a healthy relationship between them. It is the type of investment that is made to acquire an effective control over the enterprise. Inward direct investment creates a value for net inflows of foreign direct investment and outward direct investment creates a value for net outflows of foreign direct investment. Inward direct investments are mainly made by non-resident investors and net outflows are made by residents of the enterprise. Foreign direct investment also bears the transfer of new technology in order to improve the management skills. (United Nations, n.d.). Portfolio Diversification Portfolio diversification is mainly done to reduce the risks that combine a number of investments such as real estate, bonds and stocks among others. To reduce the risk in portfolio is the main purpose of diversification. Diversifications lessen the potentiality and are more concerned about the performance that covers an extensive range of the economic conditions. Portfolio diversification creates a reduction in company-specific risk as with the increase in portfolio of assets or products an organization in its possession holds more than one product, which helps to significantly reduce any risk arriving from adverse condition of a product (Driessen & Laeven, n.d.). Reasons To Invest Internationally Major reasons to invest in foreign market are the growth and the development of an enterprise. By the proper development of the enterprise, it can emerge in markets very effectively. Certain investment risks are also found in foreign companies and their markets. Foreign investment is determined upon a few of the crucial factors such as economic growth and demand of investment for goods and services. High demand of goods is also beneficial as it can help to capture the market for a longer period of time. Every enterprise has a motive of earning huge amount of profit so they endeavor to invest internationally. Competition is one of the reasons to invest internationally and broaden the market. For accessing the foreign markets various types of strategies and valuable measures should be taken in order to increase the market size. At times, investing in foreign markets turn out to be complex and for this, the investor should invest through mutual funds in order to participate in the global markets (First

Globization international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globization international business - Essay Example In the end of 90s globalization in Argentina was considered to be a successful tendency. There was an essential growth of GDP in the country (8.1 percent in 1997). Three years of a deep recession followed this complicated period. Governmental policy of Argentina is rather vague and it is hard to entrust money of Argentina citizens to the national banks because of bank deposit freezes, â€Å"public social protests and the resignations of the finance minister and the president† (Measuring Globalization, 2003).  Therefore, it is relevant to consider the way Argentina managed to cope with the challenges connected with the process of globalization. On the example of the country’s management to deal with internal affairs and foreign policy development, the basic issues of globalization processes in Argentina are discussed further on. Different aspects of Argentina’s globalization Moreover, there is a gradual conflict in Argentina’s policy, because during the p eriod of financial crisis, weak currency has been an intimidating factor for the nation. On the international arena Argentina should have been positioned as the country experiencing a rapid economic recovery. Still, financial crisis caused a negative impact on the country’s economy. ... the internal affairs of the country and thus on the international level there are a lot of challenges caused by the inconsistent national and foreign policies of the country (Measuring Globalization, 2003). Moreover, it is relevant to consider foreign policy of Argentina from hyperglobalist and skeptic perspectives. The hyperglobalization paradigm is relevant to the foreign policy of Argentina, because in accordance with this policy the globalization makes a country almost powerless. With respect to Mishkin (2007) all states are influenced by globalization and the majority of them perform â€Å"a courtesan role† in serving the main interests of the global political economy of other state actors on the international arena. Therefore, hyperglobalist views of globalization processes in Argentina are the most relevant in terms of this country. Thus, for example, many Argentines claim that their own government is the one to blame for mishaps in the process of financial crisis in th e country. Citizens claim that â€Å"imprudent fiscal and macroeconomic policies and persistent corruption during Carlos Menem's second mandate were at the core of Argentina's recession† (Miskin, 2007).   Moreover, gaps in neo-liberal policies implementation have also influenced on political inconsistencies of Argentine. Moreover, IMF was criticized for inconsistencies in the process of neo-liberal policies implementation. Hostile moods of citizens in Argentina are directed on their negative attitude expressed in relation to IMF and the World Bank, naming them â€Å"the pro-globalization camp† and it is evident that Argentines are dissatisfied with the processes of globalization (Guille, 2001). Unfortunately, economy of Argentina is described in terms of Outliers. The Administration of the President

Corporate governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Corporate governance - Dissertation Example It is evident from the work of various research scholars that people felt the importance of â€Å"Corporate Governance† at least 100 years ago. For example, research scholars such as Tinbergen (1962) have raised their concern over effectiveness of corporate governance. In recent times, corporate accounting scandals in companies like Cirio, Enron, Vivendi, Ansett, Parmalat, and Pan Pharmaceuticals have forced business leaders to think about the issues like corporate accountability and corporate governance. Above mentioned corporate accounting scandals were the results of managerial misconduct and corporate failures. Business leaders became aware of the fact that they need to take some serious measures in order to address the pertaining issues of corporate governance. ... Various research scholars have stated situation-specific definition of corporate governance and so it is difficult to find one universal definition of corporate governance. Majority of the research scholars have given importance on the relational aspect of corporate governance. According to them corporate governance is guided by the relationship between shareholders and managers. Tricker (1984) has revealed that corporate governance is different from management due to the fact that management deals with running the organization while corporate governance deals with running the organization in a proper manner. Keasey and Wright (1993) have stated that business leaders can use different tools of management, such as controlling; accountability, in order to monitor activities of agents and motivation to make them act in accordance with the expectation of the internal and external stakeholders. Various research scholars such as Markusen and Venables (1999) have stated that there is a dire ct relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and corporate governance. According to them FDI policies of government plays a significant role on motivating foreign players to design sustainable corporate governance policy. Markusen and Maskus (2001) have stated that companies need to align their business strategy in a foreign country in accordance with the FDI policy of government of that country, in order to address the key issues of corporate governance. In many cases it has been observed that companies manipulate their corporate governance policy in order to achieve competitive advantage in foreign countries, such as superior technology, economies of scale, managerial expertise etc over

Virtual Reality Internship Reflection

Virtual Reality Internship Reflection Executive summary about Internship/abstract: Spoketech is Chicago based company founded in 2005 focused on helping businesses realize their vision. Our team has a solid experience in IT strategy and technology solutions. Its a small consulting firm and fortunately they started working on VR(Virtual Reality) environment. I got interviewed by showing them my portfolio of my previous work I done in Unity Engine. So I had the opportunity to work with them on this quarter for past 9 weeks. The company had all the resources for working on virtual reality stating from the software to hardware everything are cutting edge technology. I was allowed to work on high end software such a Unity, Maya, and Photoshop. I got introduced to agile development methodologies. I proved a valuable resource throughout this quarter by expressing my effectiveness and providing there necessary requirements developing the product. Detailed Description Responsibilities Goals/Objectives: At SpokeTech Inc, I was assigned to work in Virtual Reality one of their own products in collaboration with Amazon cloud services. I worked in the Maya and Unity part. The team wants me to build the 3D model and import to Unity and already there is a test model was built to test in the VR environment. So this a cloud based service, before I joined they already started working on cloud services. I was assigned to the task to build 3D models with low poly count so that they can upload to the cloud and download into Unity engine to make their product. I taught myself to design Maya and went through different websites and watched educational YouTube videos and designed a lot of prototype model and communicated with the team to build a perfect 3D model. To complete the task efficiently I used the already test build model blue print to design the 3D model. In the end the model came what was we expected. Also, I was involved in VR scripting related work. The project was done using C# language because the unity engine supports JavaScript and C#. I found that C# is easy for me as I learnt it before when I took a class in DePaul last winter quarter. I created simple interactive UI scripts as front end work for the project which everything was done in Unity engine. Apart from that I was introduced into Agile Methodology; I have learnt the principles for software development under which the requirements and solutions evolve through the collaborative effort of self-organized cross-functional teams. I had to join a website called Trello and to work with the team and get a exposure of Agile Methodology. Also I voluntarily involved myself in photoshop,I can create texture for the models I made. So I had download HD quality images from the Google then I used Photoshop to edit and applied to the modes in Maya as UV mapping. Internship was with the SpokeTech Inc was from January 11th to March 16th. 9 weeks I have spent. Most of the conversations done through Skype meeting. I had to visit them on occasions. I mentioned what I did for every week below: 1st week Modeling 2nd week Modeling 3rd week Importing everything to unity 3D(Fixing up the meshes) and models 4th week-Programming in C# 5th week -Photoshop 6th Week- Programming in C# 7th Week- Modeling 8th Week- Programming in Unity3D 9th Week Programming in Unity 3D Major Tasks accomplished: Tasks accomplished are creating 3d models, Created simple scripts based on the supervisor requirements. Uploaded the 3D models into the Amazon cloud and downloaded successfully using unity engine where every code was written using C#. Skills That I learned on the job: I was introduced to agile methodology and C# scripting, I learn a lot about penetration testing with my peer during my Internship. Also, I learn about unity and UV Mapping in Maya. Apart from that I was introduced to Amazon Cloud services to upload the Asset bundle from the unity to cloud and retrieve back from the cloud. Everything was coded in C#. I improved a lot in my communication and other soft skills. How your education at DePaul helped you at your internship: The courses that I took at DePaul really helped me prepare for the Internship. The course SE456 (Architecture of games) helped me scripting C# and I have learned about design patterns. That helped me to write code efficiently. I was working on the Unity 3D which is a game engine tool which supports C# scripting so this course helped me in a lot of different aspects. Apart from that I already learnt Maya in the free time that also provided me great help for designing the Models requested in the company. Apart from this knowledge I gained in DePaul University really helped me throughout the Internship. Also took Optimized C++(CSC461) on last year fall quarter. The subject is helpful for me to work on creating a own simple shader code like phong shading. Conclusion: This internship is the stepping-stone for my career. I have met a lot of intelligent people in the firm throughout my internship. I have gained in-depth knowledge Unity VR platform, development from scratch. I have learned to test the code using agile software development process. I also gained a better understanding of how to establish communication with the employer within SpokeTech organization effectively. The dedication and passion I got from the company have made me a lasting impression, and I Feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to work in such an environment.

Labour Unions and General Motors :: essays research papers

The Workings of Automotive Unions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last bolt is screwed on as a relieved automotive worker marvels at his wondrous creation: a car. With the roar of an engine, the car slowly disappears into the distance. The worker gradually turns around, picks up his tools, and continues to work on a new car. As a consumer, we rarely wonder how things are made; we simply take everything we own for granted. For once, have you wondered how many hours of hard labor many automotive workers must go through? The automotive industry has been around for many years, but it has not always been as efficient as it currently is. As the industry continues to evolve, many new innovative ideas are still being developed. In the past, automotive workers have had to work in harsh conditions without much security or job benefits. Nevertheless, through the continuous development of organized collective bargaining, workers are being treated as they should be. Being the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, General Motors C orporation has been greatly affected by the needs of their workers. Rick Wagoner, CEO of General Motors, is currently in charge of â€Å"running the show† at GM. Being the most successful automotive company since 1931, it is obvious that he not only has to satisfy customers, but also the workers within the company. From the smallest things such as a work raise to bigger things such as the working condition, the management of General Motors has been pressured to make both positive and negative changes to the way the company is run as a whole in order to satisfy the workers who are part of the UAW Union. Therefore, the formation and development of unions encompasses both pros and cons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the automobile industry made its first appearance in the early 1900s, General Motors had already slowly begun its formation. GM was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant, a carriage manufacturer of Flint, Michigan, and today operates manufacturing and assembly plants and distribution centers in many countries, including Canada . Its major products include automobiles and trucks, a wide range of automotive components, engines, and defense and aerospace materiel. General Motors has a long history of business and technological innovation designed to deliver ever-increasing value to their customers and society. GM today has manufacturing operations in more than 30 countries and its vehicles are sold in about 200 countries.

Summer Of 17th Doll Review Essay -- essays research papers

Year 12 Literature SAC Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll The play â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll† is a mixture of people’s inability to grow up and let go of dreams, in a typical Australian atmosphere in the nineteen fifties. Ray Lawler focuses on showing the characters finally waking up to their lives and realizing they don’t live in â€Å"heaven, â€Å" within in a simple plot. These techniques allow readers to connect and understand the disillusionment suffered by these Australian’s in this time. Our setting for â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll’ is a Melbourne suburb, Carlton. Australia in the fifties had just began massive social and economical development. During the war Australia had relied on the United States of America for support, meaning now in post war Australia’s main partners had swapped from United Kingdom to them. With their support came their influence. Australian’s some-what simpler, laid back lifestyle was being altered. A new unstable Australia full of uncertainty in social values and morals had evolved. â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll’ questions the previous Australian dream and asks f it can survive in the new country evolving. Carlton â€Å"a now scruffy but once fashionable suburb of Melbourne† was an industrial, working class area. Our characters find themselves in the working class status. Ray Lawler uses a group of friend’s, lovers, to show the catalysts of change evolving around Australia at the time. For seventeen years Roo and Barney had been traveling down from Queensland for they layoff season. Waiting for them were their â€Å"girlfriends† Olive and Nancy. These four characters each represent a key theme in the play. The ability to link them all together and show their enchanted world crumbling around them is what makes the play one of Australia’s finest. Roo and Barney are the typical Australian larrikins. They rare the representation of mate ship and freedom in Australia are known for. In the play their relationship acts as one of the first things to fall in their â€Å"paradise.† Roo’s position as head cane cutter was taken by Dowd. Roo finds his masculinity diminished. As most larrikins he can’t accept the fact he is not one of the best. Roo leaves early. To add to the reality of things, we learn Barney’s â€Å"girlfriend† Nancy has gone at got married. Their world begins to fall. It is Nancy’s marriage that plays a key role in forcing the group ... ... their world. With nothing left of their once happy world Lawler prepares us for the dramatic end. As Roo feels he can no longer live up to his previous life her scrambles to build a new one, even if it only slightly mimics the old one. He believes by proposing to Olive they will both still have a form of what they had before, by doing this he shows he knows what they had is over and can never return, he understands that he must grow up. Olive wont allow this to happen. She is still clinging to her world â€Å"you’ve got to go back, it’s the only hope we’ve got.† She attempts any thing to piece it back together. Emma enters and sees that Olive is gutted; she can’t accept the new reality. With the rejection from Olive Roo becomes a beaten disheartened figure. Each character now knows they cannot stay here, they must all move on for good. Ray Lawler concludes the play and has expressed the characters as far as they can go. He created Australia compelled by the demand for liberation of women, but killed by the disintegration of mate ship. Lawler leaves the audience knowing their dream, their world cannot survive the new Australia, and we must all allow it, and us to evolve. WORDS: 974

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD)

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD). The location that we chose for this study was central Croydon. Croydon is a suburban town with a population of just over 330000, to be precise 330688, according to 2002 Census. Central Croydon is located in Outer London in the borough of Croydon, though it used to be a Surry Urban District. It is approximately 9.5miles south of London. It is surrounded by numerous other towns located in the London Borough of Croydon, for instance Norbury which is just North from Central Croydon, Purley which is just South-West of it and a handful other small towns which are illustrated in Figure 1 below. With over 2.5 million sq. ft of retail space, Croydon is one of the principal shopping centres South of London. Figure 1 It is likely that the placement of Croydon's CBD, conforms to a specific urban model, which was produced to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in cities. The models in question are the Burgess and Hoyt models, illustrated below (Figure 2). CBD's are a characteristic in all towns and cities. It is the part of the city where most business is conducted. The Central Business District (CBD) is generally located in the centre of a town or city with all route ways leading to it, making it the most accessible place in the city. As a result, it is the most intensively used part of the city and consequently, competition for space to conduct business is great; therefore land values are high and only large businesses can locate there. This is why no houses can locate there. 2 One of my aims in this study is to investigate test how accurately Croydon's CBD corresponds to the core-frame model of CBD's, which indicates the layout of various different land uses within a CBD. (see Figure 3 below) According to this model, department stores, specialist shops, banks, and high rise office blocks are found in the core (centre) of the CBD. In the frame (the area surrounding the core) bus and coach stations, smaller shops, theatres and cinemas, multi-storey car parks, universitys, car sales and service andrailway stations, are found her. The CBD of a city is a dynamic area going through changes; it isn't static. Cerain parts of the frame, and sometimes including the core, go through a phase of decline: closed shops, numerous charity and budget shops and a neglected appearance are features of a zone of decay. A different area of a CBD may benefit from the development of new businesses. These particular areas, called zones of improvement, are becoming spirited, more pleasant and more profitable. The condition of buildings and general appearance of the area are also progressing. Having planned where the investigation is to take place, I have constructed a list of the hypotheses I shall be analyzing; 1) Certain retail land uses will cluster e.g. Comparison shops such as ladies' clothes shops, shoe shops and jewelers, whereas others will disperse i.e. Convenience shops (newsagents) and specialist shops (camera shops). Comparison shops, for instance clothes and shoe shops, are expected to cluster so that customers are not obliged to travel very far to the next shop â€Å"comparing† prices, quality, and/or style of the goods that they have come to purchase. As these shops sell items that are usually bought rarely the shopper is willing to visit a handful of different shops before deciding where to buy the item they want. Therefore, I presume these shops will be nearby each other in order to make it easier for consumers to obtain what they are looking for. As for convenience shops, such as newsagents, general stores and corner shops, these are expected to be dispersed since their profits would suffer under the influence of competition if such stores were positioned in nearby vicinity to each other. As these stores mainly sell low-order goods, such as bread, milk, eggs etc. which are needed frequently, people are not willing to travel long distances for. Therefore, as these stores have low spheres of influence, it would be bad for business to say the least, if they were to cluster together and generate competition against one another. Like convenience shops, specialist shops, which concentrate on selling only one type of good such as cameras or arts materials, are also dispersed. This is due to the fact that they need to attract a large number of customers in order to make a profit; they need a high threshold population and they will consequently have a large sphere of influence. Another attribute similar to that of the convenience shops, is the actuality that if more than one type of the same store were located close together, they too would have to endure some rivalry. 2) Chain stores, department stores will locate in the core of the CBD, whereas smaller, privately owned businesses will locate in the frame of the CBD Chain stores and department stores are typically more successful and profitable, due to having large spheres of influence and large threshold populations to match, than those of the smaller businesses. They can therefore afford to buy land in the core where it is more often than not, more expensive. Whereas, the smaller businesses are not so well-off and are forced to set up the businesses around the frame of the CBD. 3) Pedestrian flows will be higher near the PLVI (in the core) of the CBD. In theory, as there are a greater number of stores with high sphere's of influence, such as department stores, chain store etc., it is likely that a greater number of people will be drawn to that area of the CBD than the outer frame of the CBD. As the route-focus is situated at the PLVI, that particular area is likely to be to most accessible point of the CBD, therefore attracting furthermore people there. Many companies, businesses and offices are located in the CBD, so the surrounding area outside these buildings may be busy with employees or customers entering and exiting the buildings. In Croydon's CBD there is also a large number of entertainment amenities, such as night clubs, bars, cinemas and so on, which have large spheres of influence, drawing customers from neighbouring towns that enjoy going out during evenings and weekends etc. The bars, pubs and restaurants also appeal to those who work in close vicinity to, and also within, the CBD and do not have to travel far during lunch breaks and coffee breaks. Finally, the entire CBD of Croydon is amazingly served by countless forms of transport; it is the centre of Tram networks, has at least 3 different train stations with frequent links to London and several other places, and over 50 different bus routes passing through the town every day. As a result of these services masses of people are likely to travel or pass through Croydon commuting, on their way to work, school etc., thus resulting in large numbers of individuals by bus and tram stops, train stations etc. particularly in the mornings and afternoons. 4) Environmental quality will be highest near the PLVI of the CBD in the core and become lower towards the frame. Environmental quality may be higher in a zone of improvement and lowest in a zone of decay. As shops that are mainly located near the PLVI in Croydon's CBD are usually rich, successful chain and department stores, they can afford to maintain their shops and surrounding area at a high standard. The reason for them doing this would be to attract customers, who would supposedly be impressed by perhaps the architecture and cleanliness of their buildings. In view of the fact that these stores have large spheres of influence and draw many people into Croydon, the council probably invests more time and money to keep that area to a high standard by planting trees, installing benches, hiring road sweepers etc, in order to keep the number of visitors coming into Croydon elevated. Environmental quality will obviously be higher in a zone of improvement than in a zone of decay, probably due to a number of factors such as crime and vandalism due to a lack of security, lack of funds being spent on the area by the council as it doesn't attract many people into Croydon. Also, a characteristic of zones of improvement is that the area is progressing and improving, perhaps by opening well known coffee shops such as Starbucks, Costa etc., that will bring in more trade. Also, people probably have more respect for attractive areas that have security and look pleasant, than they do for run-down, grotty areas where it is possible to get away with law-breaking and sabotage. 5) Building height will decrease with distance from the CBD In my opinion the explanation of this hypothesis is relatively straightforward. As the price of land grows more expensive in the CBD (most probably because of the prestigious, prime location in the most busy spot in the CBD), owners build on the land they already own to avoid buying more land and also to make the most of what they already own. Consequently, the further away from the CBD, the lower the building will be, for the reason that owners are able to meet the expense of increasing the amount of land the purchase, as the area is further away from the kudos and popularity of the CBD. 6) The public's general opinion of the frame of the CBD is negative and dissatisfied compared to that of the core According to the core-frame model of the CBD, the frame contains areas of a lower standard than in the core; the zone of improvement and the zone of decay. I would imagine the public's opinion of the outer CBD to be a lot lower and more downbeat than that of the PLVI, purely because the area is in worse condition and less appealing to the individuals in Croydon. As basically all of the department stores, businesses, places to eat, amenities and so forth, are located deep within the centre of the CBD there is little reason for people to visit the outer CBD which consists of little of interest or appeal. Not compared to core at any rate. There are a handful of factors that result in the frame of the CBD being less likable and attractive than the core, such as environmental quality being less than satisfactory, shops being less appealing and attractive, higher crime rates, distance from the core, being less accessible and so on. Generally speaking, I think the public would much rather visit a safe, visually pleasing,  clean, and on the whole, a higher standard area than a vandalized, potentially dangerous, run-down area.

Optimizing Physical Properties of Municipal Waste Sites

OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE SITES TO SUITAS A CONSTRUCTION SITE Abstraction Waste is universally generated by homo from their assorted activities. Besides sum of waste coevals is increasing really quickly. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is common pattern in srilanka. Bloemendal waste pace was taken as instance survey of this research. Bloemendhal shit waste is silty sand type and such dirt can be treated with traditional calcium hydroxide and cement stabilizes methods. The end of this research was to better shit waste to upgrade its strength and public presentation of the dirt. The selected stabilizes were lime and cement. Key findings of the research are, ( 1 ) Strength of treated dirt additions with clip, ( 2 ) Strength fluctuation with cement and calcium hydroxide content, ( 3 ) Strength Variation with wet content, ( 4 ) Applicability of cement and calcium hydroxide as a stabilizer, ( 5 ) strength fluctuation with Water/amendment ratio. Introduction Waste We can be merely explicate as any stuffs that is discarded by worlds after its intent is obtained.Waste is increase twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours due to the all human activities in all over the universe. This sort of Waste we can split in to three classs. They are Solid, liquid and gaseous. In developing states Open Dumpsites are common, due to the low budget for waste disposal. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is common patterns in Sri Lanka. By pattern dumping of waste at land fill sites is done. But this can do by negative facets people populating in the vicinity. The chemicals used in waste can be carried by H2O and affects the land H2O. And besides these sort chemicals assorted with rain H2O and rain H2O transported them in to our imbibing beginnings. Such as rivers, lakes and etc. This has become a major issue at present. The shit paces, after stabilisation of solid waste utilizing calcium hydroxide and cement can be used for the building of assorted development undertakings like edifice sites, resort areas, recreational countries etc. this scheme is really advantageous when urban countries are concerned where sufficient infinite can non be found for recreational intents and other sort of development undertakings. Besides the stabilised solid waste can be economically used as fills for roads and roads embankments. Waste can be slackly defined as any stuff that is considered to be of no farther usage to the proprietor and is, therefore discarded. Waste is generated universally and is a direct effect of all human activities. Wastes are by and large classified into solid, liquid and gaseous. In developing states unfastened garbage dumps are common, due to the low budget for waste disposal. Open dumping of municipal solid waste is a common pattern in Sri Lanka. The disposal of wastes in landfill sites has progressively caused concern about possible inauspicious wellness effects for population life nearby, peculiarly in relation to those sites where risky waste is dumped. In the environment, chemicals and other contaminations found in solid waste can ooze into our groundwater and can besides be carried by rain H2O to rivers and lakes that are our beginnings for imbibing H2O. The shit paces, after stabilisation of solid waste utilizing calcium hydroxide and cement can be used for the building of assorted development undertakings like edifice sites, playgrounds recreational countries etc. this scheme is really advantageous when urban countries are concerned where sufficient infinite can non be found for recreational intents and other sorts of development undertakings. Besides the stabilised solid waste can be economically used as fills of roads and route embankments. Comprehensive research works must be carried out to measure the suitableness of stabilised solid waste for route fills in footings of its strength.LITERATURE REVIEWThis research is all about the traditional dirt stabilizers viz. lime and cement. The stabilisation mechanisms and the effectivity of those stabilizers have been demonstrated by many research workers in many applications. This literature reappraisal focal point on the known belongingss of traditional stabilizers as relevant to the r esearch.Soil stabilisationStabilization was defined as the betterment of dirt strength under applied burden by Bulbul ( 2013 ) and besides stabilisation was described as the change of the dirt belongingss by chemical or physical agencies in order to heighten the technology quality of the dirt by Ankit ( 2013 ) .In general dirt stabilisation can be described as a procedure of bettering certain coveted belongingss in dirt stuff. Soil stuffs which have been thought non utile in technology application can be improved utilizing dirt stabilisation procedure. McNally ( 1998 ) showed that the betterments of dirt belongingss are caused by dirt stabilisation can include the undermentioned strength, volume stableness and lastingness features. Sodium and K cations are normally found in expansive clay dirt and those can be exchanged with cations like Ca, which are found in calcium hydroxide, Portland cement and fly ash. This is a rapid reaction and ion exchange procedure takes topographic point frequently within a few hours. The Ca cations replace with the Na cations around the dirt atoms. So soil stabilisation is a long term strength addition activity. ( Justin 2004 ) Soil stabilisation is really utile when it is more economical to get the better of a lack in a readily available stuff than to convey in one that to the full complies with the demands of specification for the dirt ( Ola,1975 ) . This dirt stabilisation method can be used where no other economic option is available. The chief addictives for dirt stabilisation,Gravel crushed sumPortland cementCalcium hydroxideThe magnitude of dirt stabilisation is measured by the addition in strength as determined from unconfined compaction testing.Lime stabilisationThere are t wo primary types of calcium hydroxide is used today in the building field are quicklime ( Calcium oxide ) and hydrated calcium hydroxide ( calcium hydrated oxide ) . Heating limestone at higher temperatures produces quicklime and the add-on of H2O to the calcium oxide produces hydrated calcium hydroxide ( 5 ) . Equation ( 2.1 ) shows the reaction of limestone when it is heated. That produces quicklime with C dioxide as a by-product. CaCo3+ Heat i? CaO + CO2( 2.1 ) Equation ( 2.2 ) shows that add-on of H2O to the calcium oxide CaO produces hydrated lime/Ca ( OH )2with heat as a byproduct. CaO +H2O i? Ca ( OH )2+ Heat ( 2.2 ) Soil conditions and mineralogical belongingss have a important consequence on the long-run strength addition in dirt and lime blend ( 5 ) . Introduction of Ca hydrated oxide increases Ph, doing the silicon oxide and aluminum oxide in the clay particles to go soluble and interact with the Ca in a pozzolanic reaction ( 5, 7 ) . A pozzolonic reaction between silicon oxide or aluminum oxide in the clay atoms and Ca from the calcium hydroxide can organize a cemented construction that increases the strength of the stabilised dirt. Residual Ca must stay in the system to unite with the available silicon oxide or aluminum oxide and to maintain the pH high plenty to keep the pozzolanic creative activity ( 5 ) . The per centum of calcium hydroxide used for any undertaking depends on the dirt type being stabilized. The finding of the measure of calcium hydroxide is normally based on an analysis of the consequence that different calcium hydroxide per centums have on the decrease of malleability and the addition in strength of the dirt. However, most all right grained dirt can be efficaciously stabilized with 3 % -10 % of calcium hydroxide, based on the dry weight of the dirt. Lime is used extensively to alter the technology belongingss of powdered dirts. It is most effectual in handling plastic clays capable of keeping big sum of H2O ( 6 ) . 2.1.2 Cement stabilisation Portland cement is a multi-mineral compound made up of Ca oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and Fe ( 5 ) . When stabilisation of dirt is done by blending dirt with cement in different proportions is called as dirt cement stabilisation. Soil cement is a mixture of powdered dirt and mensural sum of H2O and cement, compacted to desired denseness and cured ( 1 ) . When cement is assorted with H2O, cementing compound of calcium-silicate-hydrate ( C-S-H ) and calcium-aluminate-hydrate ( C-A-H ) are formed ( 5 ) . With lime stabilisation, the silicon oxide is provided when the clay atom is broken down. With cement stabilisation, the cement already contains the silicon oxide without necessitating to interrupt down the clay mineral. Therefore, unlike lime stabilisation, cement stabilisation is reasonably independent of the dirt belongingss. ( 8 ) . Some Ca is available to respond with the clay atom early in the alteration procedure when H2O is added, and extra Ca becomes available subsequently as it forms during cement hydration ( 5 ) . The hydrates help to stabilise disturbed clay atoms through cementation. The hydration reactions and strength additions for the most portion between 24 hours and 28 yearss ( 5 ) . The function of cement is to better the technology belongingss of available dirt such as strength squeezability, permeableness, swelling possible and sensitiveness to alter in wet content. Soil cement stuffs range from semi flexible to semi stiff depending on the type of dirt and sum of dirt used ( 1 ) .